Copper 2 Chloride Molar Mass

Chemical chemical compound

For the leavening agent of which baking soda is a common ingredient, run across Blistering powder.

Sodium bicarbonate

Names
IUPAC name sodium hydrogencarbonate
Other names Baking soda, bicarb (laboratory slang), bicarbonate of soda, nahcolite, natrium hydrogen carbonate, natron
Identifiers
CAS Number	144-55-viii Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive epitome
Beilstein Reference	4153970
ChEBI	CHEBI:32139 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1353 Y
ChemSpider	8609 Y
DrugBank	DB01390 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.005.122
EC Number	205-633-8
E number	E500(ii) (acidity regulators, ...)
IUPHAR/BPS	4507
KEGG	C12603 Y
MeSH	Sodium+bicarbonate
PubChem CID	516892
RTECS number	VZ0950000
UNII	8MDF5V39QO Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID9021269
InChI InChI=1S/CH2O3.Na/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1 Y Key: UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y InChI=one/CH2O3.Na/c2-ane(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,iv);/q;+1/p-one Key: UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-REWHXWOFAQ
SMILES [Na+].OC([O-])=O
Backdrop
Chemical formula	NaHCO 3
Molar mass	84.0066 chiliad mol−1
Advent	White crystals
Odor	Odorless
Density	ii.xx grand/cm3 [1]
Melting point	(Decomposes to sodium carbonate starting at fifty °C[1] [six])
Solubility in water	69 1000/L (0 °C)[2] [3] 96 chiliad/L (twenty °C)[2] [3] 165 g/L (60 °C)[2] [iii]
Solubility	0.02 wt% acetone, 2.13 wt% methanol @22 °C.[4] insoluble in ethanol
log P	−0.82
Acidity (pK a)	6.34[5] 6.351 (carbonic acid)[v]
Refractive index (n D)	nα = i.377 nβ = 1.501 nγ = 1.583
Structure
Crystal structure	Monoclinic
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	87.6 J/mol K[seven]
Std molar entropy (Due south ⦵ 298)	101.vii J/mol K[7]
Std enthalpy of formation (Δf H ⦵ 298)	−950.8 kJ/mol[vii]
Gibbs free free energy (Δf Yard ⦵)	−851.0 kJ/mol[7]
Pharmacology
ATC lawmaking	B05CB04 (WHO) B05XA02 (WHO), QG04BQ01 (WHO)
Routes of administration	Intravenous, oral
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Causes serious eye irritation
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	two 0 one
Flash point	Incombustible
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LDfifty (median dose)	4220 mg/kg (rat, oral)[8]
Safe data sheet (SDS)	External MSDS
Related compounds
Other anions	Sodium carbonate
Other cations	Ammonium bicarbonate Potassium bicarbonate
Related compounds	Sodium bisulfate Sodium hydrogen phosphate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Yverify (what is Y North  ?) Infobox references

Chemic compound

Cupcakes baked with baking soda as a raising agent

Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC proper name: sodium hydrogencarbonate ^[nine]), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO₃ . Information technology is a salt equanimous of a sodium cation (Na⁺) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO_iii ⁻). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but ofttimes appears every bit a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkali metal taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is establish dissolved in many mineral springs.^[x]

Nomenclature [edit]

Because it has long been known and widely used, the table salt has many different names such equally blistering soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda and can oftentimes be establish about blistering powder in stores. The term baking soda is more than common in the United States, while bicarbonate of soda is more common in Australia, Great britain and Ireland.^[11] and in many northern/central European countries it is called Natron. Abbreviated colloquial forms such every bit sodium bicarb, bicarb soda, bicarbonate, and bicarb are common.^[12]

The give-and-take saleratus, from Latin sal æratus (pregnant "aerated salt"), was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate.^[thirteen]

Its Due east number food condiment code is E500.^[xiv]

The prefix bi in bicarbonate comes from an outdated naming system predating molecular cognition in reference to the two tooth equivalents of carbon dioxide (known equally carbonic acid in the ancient chemistry language) that potassium hydrocarbonate/bicarbonate releases upon decomposition to (di)potassium carbonate and to potassium oxide (potash).^[xv] The modern chemic formulas of these compounds now express their precise chemical compositions which were unknown when the proper noun bi-carbonate of potash was coined (run across also: bicarbonate).

Uses [edit]

Cooking [edit]

Leavening [edit]

In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent. When information technology reacts with acid, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the feature texture and grain in cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other baked and fried foods. The acid–base reaction tin can exist generically represented equally follows:^[sixteen]

NaHCO₃ + H⁺ → Na⁺ + CO₂ + H₂O

Acidic materials that induce this reaction include hydrogen phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa, and vinegar. Baking soda may be used together with sourdough, which is acidic, making a lighter product with a less acidic gustatory modality.^[17]

Oestrus can besides by itself cause sodium bicarbonate to act as a raising agent in blistering because of thermal decomposition, releasing carbon dioxide at temperatures above 80 °C (180 °F), as follows:^[18]

two NaHCO_iii → Na₂CO_three + H₂O + CO_ii

When used this manner on its ain, without the presence of an acidic component (whether in the concoction or by the utilize of a baking powder containing acid), only one-half the bachelor CO_two is released (one CO₂ molecule is formed for every two equivalents of NaHCO₃). Additionally, in the absence of acid, thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate also produces sodium carbonate, which is strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter, "soapy" taste and a yellow colour. Since the reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, mixtures (cake concoction, etc.) tin can exist immune to stand up without rise until they are heated in the oven.^{[ citation needed ]}

Baking powder [edit]

Baking powder, also sold for cooking, contains around 30% of bicarbonate, and diverse acidic ingredients which are activated by the addition of water, without the need for boosted acids in the cooking medium.^{[19] [xx] [21]} Many forms of blistering powder comprise sodium bicarbonate combined with calcium acid phosphate, sodium aluminium phosphate, or cream of tartar.^[22] Baking soda is alkaline; the acid used in blistering pulverisation avoids a metallic taste when the chemic change during baking creates sodium carbonate.^[23]

Pyrotechnics [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is i of the main components of the common "black snake" firework. The issue is caused by the thermal decomposition, which produces carbon dioxide gas to produce a long snake-like ash every bit a combustion product of the other main component, sucrose.^[24] Sodium bicarbonate is besides used to delay combustion reactions by releasing CO_ii and H_twoO when heated, both of which are flame retardants.

Mild disinfectant [edit]

Information technology has weak disinfectant properties,^{[25] [26]} and information technology may exist an effective fungicide confronting some organisms.^[27] Because baking soda will absorb musty smells, it has become a reliable method for used book sellers when making books less malodorous.^[28]

Fire extinguisher [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish pocket-sized grease or electrical fires past being thrown over the fire, equally heating of sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide.^[29] Yet, information technology should not be practical to fires in deep fryers; the sudden release of gas may crusade the grease to splatter.^[29] Sodium bicarbonate is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an culling to the more than corrosive monoammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers. The element of group i nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the merely dry out chemical agent, besides Royal-K, that was used in large-calibration burn suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens. Because it can act as an alkali, the agent has a mild saponification effect on hot grease, which forms a smothering, soapy foam.^{[ citation needed ]}

Neutralization of acids [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate reacts spontaneously with acids, releasing CO₂ gas as a reaction product. It is commonly used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid spills in chemical laboratories.^[thirty] It is non appropriate to utilise sodium bicarbonate to neutralize base^[31] fifty-fifty though it is amphoteric, reacting with both acids and bases.^{[ citation needed ]}

Agriculture [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate when practical on leaves, can prevent the growth of fungi; however, it does not kill the fungus. Excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate tin cause discolouration of fruits (ii percent solution) and chlorosis (one percentage solution).^[32]

Medical uses and health [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water tin be used as an antacid to treat acid indigestion and heartburn.^[33] Its reaction with stomach acid produces salt, h2o, and carbon dioxide:

NaHCO_three + HCl → NaCl + H_iiO + CO₂(one thousand)

A mixture of sodium bicarbonate and polyethylene glycol such as PegLyte,^[34] dissolved in water and taken orally, is an constructive gastrointestinal lavage training and laxative prior to gastrointestinal surgery, gastroscopy, etc.^{[ citation needed ]}

Intravenous sodium bicarbonate in an aqueous solution is sometimes used for cases of acidosis, or when insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the blood.^[35] In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left, and thus raises the pH. For this reason, sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated simply when the blood pH is markedly low (< 7.1–vii.0).^[36]

HCO₃ ⁻ is used for treatment of hyperkalemia, every bit information technology volition drive K⁺ back into cells during periods of acidosis.^[37] Since sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis, it is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic surround for proper assimilation, and a basic environs will diminish aspirin absorption in cases of overdose.^[38] Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose.^[39] It can also exist applied topically as a paste, with three parts blistering soda to one role water, to relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings (as well as accompanying swelling).^[xl]

Some alternative practitioners, such as Tullio Simoncini, have promoted baking soda every bit a cancer cure, which the American Cancer Gild has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use.^[41] Edzard Ernst has called the promotion of sodium bicarbonate equally a cancer cure "one of the more sickening alternative cancer scams I have seen for a long time".^[42]

Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local anesthetics, to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful.^[43] It is also a component of Moffett's solution, used in nasal surgery.^{[ citation needed ]}

It has been proposed that acidic diets weaken bones.^[44] One systematic meta-analysis of the research shows no such result.^[45] Some other also finds that there is no testify that alkaline metal diets improve os health, but suggests that in that location "may be some value" to alkaline diets for other reasons.^[46]

Antacid (such every bit baking soda) solutions accept been prepared and used past protesters to alleviate the effects of exposure to tear gas during protests.^{[ failed verification ] [47]}

Similarly to its apply in baking, sodium bicarbonate is used together with a balmy acid such as tartaric acid as the excipient in effervescent tablets: when such a tablet is dropped in a glass of h2o, the carbonate leaves the reaction medium as carbon dioxide gas (HCO₃ ⁻ + H⁺ → H₂O + CO₂↑ or, more precisely, HCO_three ⁻ + H_threeO⁺ → two H₂O + CO₂↑). This makes the tablet atomize, leaving the medication suspended and/or dissolved in the water together with the resulting salt (in this example, sodium tartrate).^[48]

Personal hygiene [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes. It has anticaries and abrasive properties.^[49] Information technology works equally a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the product of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to help forestall infections.^{[fifty] [51]} Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can exist used to make a dry or wet deodorant.^{[52] [53]} Sodium bicarbonate may be used every bit a buffering agent, combined with tabular array salt, when creating a solution for nasal irrigation.^[54]

It is used in center hygiene to treat blepharitis. This is done by addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled, followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base of operations with a cotton wool swab dipped in the solution.^{[55] [56]}

Veterinary uses [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is used as a cattle feed supplement, in detail as a buffering agent for the rumen.^[57]

Cleaning agent [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process for removing paint and corrosion called sodablasting. As a blasting medium, sodium bicarbonate is used to remove surface contamination from softer and less resilient substrates such every bit aluminium, copper or timber which could exist damaged by silica sand abrasive media.^[58]

A manufacturer recommends a paste made from baking soda with minimal water as a gentle scouring powder,^[29] and is useful in removing surface rust, as the rust forms a water-soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution;^[59] cold h2o should be used, equally hot-water solutions can corrode steel.^[60] Sodium bicarbonate attacks the thin protective oxide layer that forms on aluminium, making it unsuitable for cleaning this metal.^[61] A solution in warm water volition remove the tarnish from silver when the silver is in contact with a slice of aluminium foil.^{[61] [62]} Baking soda is commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for water softener and to remove odors from clothes. It is also about as effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups as Sodium hydroxide, when diluted with warm water.

During the Manhattan Projection to develop the nuclear bomb in the early 1940s, the chemical toxicity of uranium was an event. Uranium oxides were plant to stick very well to cotton cloth, and did not wash out with lather or laundry detergent. However, the uranium would wash out with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate. Clothing can go contaminated with toxic grit of depleted uranium (DU), which is very dense, hence used for counterweights in a civilian context, and in armour-piercing projectiles. DU is not removed by normal laundering; washing with almost 6 ounces (170 g) of baking soda in 2 gallons (seven.v Fifty) of water volition assistance to wash information technology out.^[63]

Odor control [edit]

Information technology is frequently claimed that baking soda is an constructive odor remover,^{[64] [ better source needed ]} and it is often recommended that an open up box exist kept in the refrigerator to blot olfactory property.^[65] This idea was promoted by the leading U.South. brand of baking soda, Arm & Hammer, in an advertizing campaign starting in 1972.^[66] Though this campaign is considered a classic of marketing, leading within a yr to more than than half of American refrigerators containing a box of baking soda,^{[67] [68]} there is little evidence that it is in fact effective in this application.^{[69] [seventy]}

Chemistry [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound. Aqueous solutions are mildly element of group i due to the germination of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion:

HCO ⁻
₃ + H_twoO → H
₂ CO
₃ + OH⁻

Sodium bicarbonate tin can oftentimes be used as a safer alternative to sodium hydroxide, and equally such tin exist used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a "crude" liquid, producing a purer sample. Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid produces a table salt and carbonic acrid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water:

NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + H_iiO+CO₂

H₂CO₃ → H₂O + CO₂(thou)

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (establish in vinegar), producing sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide:

NaHCO₃ + CH₃COOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂(m)

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such every bit sodium hydroxide to class carbonates:

NaHCO₃ + NaOH → Na₂CO_iii + H₂O

Thermal decomposition [edit]

At temperatures from 80–100 °C (176–212 °F), sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. The conversion is faster at 200 °C (392 °F):^[71]

2 NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO_two

Virtually bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction. Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide (above 850 °C/1,560 °F):^[71]

Na_iiCO₃ → Na_twoO + CO₂

These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO₃ as a fire-suppression amanuensis ("BC powder") in some dry-powder fire extinguishers.^{[ citation needed ]}

Stability and shelf life [edit]

If kept absurd (room temperature) and dry (an airtight container is recommended to keep out moist air), sodium bicarbonate can exist kept without a significant corporeality of decomposition for at least two or iii years.^{[72] [73] [74] [75]}

History [edit]

The discussion natron has been in use in many languages throughout modernistic times (in the forms of anatron, natrum and natron) and originated (similar Castilian, French and English natron as well as 'sodium') via Arabic naṭrūn (or anatrūn; cf. the Lower Egyptian "Natrontal" Wadi El Natrun, where a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate for the aridity of mummies was used ^[76]) from Greek nítron (νίτρον) (Herodotus; Cranium lítron (λίτρον)), which can be traced back to ancient Egyptian ntr. The Greek nítron (soda, saltpeter) was as well used in Latin (sal) nitrum and in German language Salniter (the source of Nitrogen, Nitrat etc.).^{[77] [78]}

In 1791, French chemist Nicolas Leblanc produced sodium carbonate, as well known every bit soda ash. The chemist Valentin Rose the Younger is credited with the discovery of sodium bicarbonate in 1801 in Berlin. In 1846, two American bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church, established the starting time mill in the United States to produce baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.^[79]

Saleratus, potassium or sodium bicarbonate, is mentioned in the novel Captains Courageous past Rudyard Kipling as beingness used extensively in the 1800s in commercial fishing to forbid freshly caught fish from spoiling.^[80]

In 1919, US Senator Lee Overman declared that bicarbonate of soda could cure the Spanish influenza. In the midst of the debate on 26 January 1919, he interrupted the discussion to denote the discovery of a cure. "I desire to say, for the benefit of those who are making this investigation," he reported, "that I was told by a judge of a superior court in the mountain country of North Carolina they have discovered a remedy for this disease." The purported cure implied a critique of modern scientific discipline and an appreciation for the simple wisdom of uncomplicated people. "They say that common blistering soda volition cure the disease," he continued, "that they take cured it with it, that they have no deaths upwardly there at all; they employ mutual baking soda, which cures the disease."^[81]

Production [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is produced industrially from sodium carbonate:^[82]

Na_iiCO₃ + CO_two + H_twoO → 2 NaHCO_iii

It is produced on the scale of about 100,000 tonnes/twelvemonth (equally of 2001)^{[ dubious – discuss ] [83]} with a worldwide production capacity of 2.4 million tonnes per yr (as of 2002).^[84] Commercial quantities of baking soda are too produced by a similar method: soda ash, mined in the course of the ore trona, is dissolved in water and treated with carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates equally a solid from this solution.^{[ citation needed ]}

Regarding the Solvay process, sodium bicarbonate is an intermediate in the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. The production even so shows low purity (75pc).^{[ commendation needed ]}

NaCl + CO₂ + NH_three + H₂O → NaHCO₃ + NH₄Cl

Although of no practical value, NaHCO₃ may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide:^{[ citation needed ]}

CO₂ + NaOH → NaHCO_three

Mining [edit]

Naturally occurring deposits of nahcolite (NaHCO₃) are found in the Eocene-age (55.8–33.nine Mya) Dark-green River Formation, Piceance Basin in Colorado. Nahcolite was deposited as beds during periods of high evaporation in the bowl. It is commercially mined using common underground mining techniques such as bore, drum, and longwall mining in a style very similar to coal mining.^{[ citation needed ]}

It is likewise produced by solution mining, pumping heated water through nahcolite beds and crystalizing the dissolved nahcolite through a cooling crystallization process.

In pop culture [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate, every bit "bicarbonate of soda", was a frequent source of punch lines for Groucho Marx in Marx Brothers movies. In Duck Soup, Marx plays the leader of a nation at war. In i scene, he receives a message from the battleground that his general is reporting a gas attack, and Groucho tells his aide: "Tell him to have a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda and a half a glass of water."^[85] In A Night at the Opera, Groucho'due south character addresses the opening night crowd at an opera by saying of the lead tenor: "Signor Lassparri comes from a very famous family unit. His mother was a well-known bass vocalizer. His father was the first man to stuff spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda, thus causing and curing indigestion at the same time."^[86]

In the Joseph Fifty. Mankewicz classic All Most Eve, the Max Fabian grapheme (Gregory Ratoff) has an extended scene with Margo Channing (Bette Davis) in which, suffering from heartburn, he requests and so drinks bicarbonate of soda, eliciting a prominent burp. Channing promises to ever keep a box of bicarb with Max's proper name on it.

See also [edit]

• Carbonic acid
• List of ineffective cancer treatments
• List of minerals
• Natron
• Natrona (disambiguation)
• Trona

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Bibliography [edit]

• Haynes WM, ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN978-1439855119.

External links [edit]

• International Chemical Safety Menu 1044

Copper 2 Chloride Molar Mass,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate

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